September 13, 2012
This is the second-part of a special guest post series by Sacha Judd (aka @szechuan).
Sacha is a partner at Buddle Findlay, based in Auckland. She works with a number of early-stage technology companies including Vend, Pocketsmith, Litmos, My Tours, GoVocab and others, helping founders with everything from setup and shareholder arrangements to capital raising. She is a not-evil lawyer who makes the scary legal stuff much less scary.
In this two-part series I’ve asked her to describe some of the common problems she deals with so you can hopefully avoid repeating those mistakes in your ventures.
You can read the first part here: Call Me, Maybe?
Over to Sacha:
In the previous post we talked about the things you should do in advance of starting work on your venture - making sure you have incorporated your company correctly, agreed on a equitable ownership split and agreed amongst all of the founders about the basics of how the company will be run.
In this second part we turn our attention to how you make sure that company is well-placed for growth, attracting investment, and any eventual exit.
Intellectual property is confusing, particularly in the technology sector. Daunting terminology around trade marks and patents, coupled with overseas examples of accusations of infringement, “patent trolling”, and aggressive cease and desists, have made the whole area seem difficult and scary for new entrepreneurs.
You can either just bury your head in the sand, or alternatively there are a number of practical steps you can take to lay a good foundation for protecting your intellectual property right from the start.
First, think seriously about the name of your company, product or service. The spate of dropped vowels that characterised Web 2.0 businesses like Flickr and Tumblr served a valuable purpose in this context as an invented word is the easiest to protect. If a word doesn’t exist yet, you reduce the risk that you’re infringing on someone else’s rights, and you’re less likely to run into difficulties with trade mark registrations on the basis that your name is too “descriptive”.
Even if you choose not to get creative with the English language, at a minimum you should search as extensively as you can online to see if your name is already in use either here or overseas, or if other companies in your industry are already using similar names or logos.
Over and above what you can find for yourself on Google, lawyers who specialise in this area can undertake more comprehensive searches for you using trade mark databases. The advantage of paying someone to help you with this is that they know what to look for and where to look. They can also then give you an indication of the risk of you moving forward with your chosen name, even if there is someone else out there using it or something similar.
Next, register your trade marks. Even though you get some unregistered rights just by starting to use your shiny new name and brand, a trade mark registration is easier to enforce, at least in the country where it is registered. Prior use only exists in the geographical area where your brand has a reputation, which in the beginning will probably be a very small, local area. So, if you’re planning to trade internationally, think about registering in other countries too.
Finally, make sure the company owns everything that you think it does. Often in the early stages the founders will be doing a lot of the development work themselves, but you might also pay other people to assist, get friends to help out, or even promise “sweat equity” to others who might join the team in the future. Without oversimplfying matters, unless the company is paying someone to do the work and/or you have a clear agreement, the intellectual property in the work will ordinarily belong to the person creating it. Things can get more complicated if members of your team are working on this project after hours while they are in full-time employment. Often the starting point of an employment agreement is that anything you create belongs to your employer, even if you’re only working on it in the evenings or on the weekends. The last thing you want is to have the ownership of your code, or your product, become unclear.
You can minimise this risk by making sure everyone who is working on the idea has an employment contract or contract for services with the company, clearly setting out what they will be doing, and stating that all the intellectual property and improvements created belong to the company.
Where software is involved, make sure you have licenses for all of your source code. This is particularly true where you use open source code.
The golden rule should always be to make sure that what’s built for the company is owned by the company, and that this ownership is clear and uncontested. This might not seem important on day one, but next we’ll look at what it means to be “investment ready”, and why this matters whether or not outside investment is on your horizon.
startups fall into a couple of different camps. For some, the main priority is finding their first customers, keeping them happy, and then finding some more. For others, the highest priority is finding outside investment to help realise their idea.
Regardless of your planned trajectory, whether you want to chase venture capital off the back of your idea, or only plan to look for money when you need to expand, it’s still sensible to run your company as if you might look for outside investment in the future. This essentially comes down to good “housekeeping”.
First and foremost, keep a copy of everything you ever sign relating to the business. Everything. That means every cellphone contract, computer lease, bank overdraft application, domain hosting service or end user license agreement. (Yes, really. Even if you just click “accept”, save a copy or print it first.) Make sure everything is signed by both parties, and has a date on it. Services like Dropbox make this sort of record-keeping easy.
Make sure you sign things in the right name. Your accountant will give you the same advice - things that relate to the business need to be in the name of the company, not your personal name.
Always think about what you’re signing, how it might restrict you in the future, and for how long. There are a number of advisory services that will help with developing business plans or raising capital, but require the companies involved to sign contracts giving them exclusive rights for a period. Similarly, a simple confidentiality agreement signed early on with a company you later decide not to continue working with may prevent you from disclosing information to investors without their consent, even where your relationship with that company has come to an end.
Don’t let things continue indefinitely “on a handshake”, and don’t let key agreements expire and just keep going “as is”. If you have a key customer or supplier arrangement, it’s much better if there is a contract that documents it.
The Companies Act contains some specific obligations around record keeping. Any change of directors needs to be filed promptly. If you issue new shares or transfer shares to others, prepare and sign resolutions and certificates recording the change. Always keep your share register up to date (not just the Companies Office website - contrary to popular opinion, that is not your share register). You also need to hold an annual meeting of shareholders, or alternatively the shareholders need to sign a resolution in lieu of this. This needs to be done before you complete your annual return online.
Keep meticulous records around your intellectual property. You should be able to demonstrate that everyone who worked on your code or product did so under a contract, and have signed copies of those contracts. You should also have licenses for all your code, including open source licenses.
Any potential investor will want to carry out some form of due diligence on your company. Depending on the stage and scope of the investment, this might be as simple as looking at your financial statements, and spending some time with you as founders. However, beyond the seed stage, investors will most likely want a much more comprehensive range of information. More than that, their investment is likely going to depend on the company providing a range of representations and warranties that the information you’ve provided is complete and accurate, which are essentially promises that, if they turn out not to be true, will result in you paying the investor to reimburse them for their loss.
During due diligence a potential investor will usually provide you with a standard set of requests for copies of the kind of information outlined above, but also ask a range of questions. Are you in breach of any of these agreements? Are there any disputes with customers or suppliers about your products or services? Have you paid all your taxes? Are you aware of anyone who might be infringing your intellectual property?
Responding to these requests can take time, and the better the records you keep along the way, the easier it will be to move through this process. When, or if, you decide to embark on the process of raising capital, or selling your company outright, is obviously a difficult and critical decision. Next we’ll look at how you can set your company up with the right governance and advice to help you make those kinds of decisions.
Starting a business is hard work, and you’ll want to get as much solid advice at the beginning as you can. We’re lucky in New Zealand that there is a real culture of paying it forward, and many very successful business people are more than happy to meet for a coffee and give you feedback on your idea or your progress. Beyond this informal network you start to get into the key issue of governance. Who is running your company, and how are they doing it?
The traditional legal company structure is designed to separate ownership from management. The owners (shareholders) are not typically the people running the show (directors). In startup companies, however, founders tend to fill both roles. It’s important for those of you who are directors to understand what that means legally.
As a director of a company you have a number of duties that you must comply with under the Companies Act. I won’t cover all of the obligations on a director here, but the following are some of the key considerations that you should bear in mind when you agree to be a director.
Most importantly you must act in good faith and in what you believe to be the company’s best interest. This is particularly important where a director is also a shareholder. As a director, your decisions need to put the company and not your own investment first.
You must “exercise your powers for a proper purpose”. An example of an improper purpose might be issuing shares for the purpose of diluting another shareholder’s investment.
You must not allow the company to “trade recklessly” - meaning letting the company’s business be carried out in a manner that is likely to create substantial risk of serious loss to the company’s creditors. For startup companies, where cash flow will always be tight, it is very important for the directors to focus on the financial statements regularly, and to think carefully about the obligations that the company is entering into. Directors must be confident the company will be able to meet its obligations.
All directors have a duty to exercise the care, diligence and skill that a reasonable director would exercise in the same circumstances. This means that it’s not okay to rely on your fellow directors to monitor and run the company. If you’re not familiar with financial statements, you should get some good advice at the outset. Spend time with the company’s accountant, and ask a lot of questions if you don’t understand something. The Institute of Directors runs a number of excellent courses for people who are starting out covering governance, strategy and finance essentials.
If all of the founders are relatively inexperienced, you should think seriously about finding an independent director to join your board. Alternatively, you might decide to create an “advisory board” of people experienced in your industry or sector, who are happy to provide advice and oversight on a regular basis.
But, how do you pay advisors in this situation?
It is very unusual for small companies to pay directors’ fees, other than perhaps a nominal amount for an independent director’s time and expenses. When it comes to advisors, some may have a standard hourly rate, and some may be more interested in a small amount of equity (both because they see upside in your company, and also because it is more interesting to them to have some skin in the game). The challenge for founders is to “value” the advice and input that these mentors might provide, without creating an onerous, long term commitment that is difficult to untangle if the relationship doesn’t work out.
In the United States, where these relationships are more common, the Founder Institute has done some good work in developing a standard framework and simple agreement for providing equity to advisors. While this is US-specific (I’ve worked on a slightly streamlined version of a similar agreement for use in NZ) what is really valuable about this guidance is the schedule which sets out the stage the company is at, and the level of engagement from the advisor. For example, will they connect you with their network (and what does that even mean)? Actively promote you within their network? Or actively seek out funding for you? Do you expect them to meet with you quarterly? Monthly? Is their role just to test your assumptions by asking you lots of questions, or are you hoping they will give you proactive, strategic advice? All of these factors will contribute to how much you might pay them, or how much equity you might want to offer.
Ultimately it’s critical for founders to be honest about their strengths and weaknesses, and to identify people who can bring real skills to help the business grow. Don’t be afraid to interview potential directors and advisors extensively to make sure the chemistry and fit is right for your business, and as you would with any employee, trial the working relationship for a few months before you agree to make them shareholders.
In the beginning, startup companies rightly focus on doing all they can to get the business up and running. There is often a reluctance to spend money on anything that doesn’t “make the boat go faster”.
Tech startup founders often view lawyers with suspicion, and sometimes for good reason. I’ve written these posts because it frustrates me to hear, time and again, that founders have delayed or avoided taking care of their legal situation because they don’t think it’s necessary, or the problem seems too daunting, or they think they can’t afford to get help. I hope that as people start to educate themselves about the basics, they’ll plan better for the future.
Finding a good lawyer to advise you on these things, who understands you, your business, and the sector you’re operating in, will be one of the best investments you can make.